4.7. Summary: Cinematography/ Week 4

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of week 4 you should be able to:

Define lighting terminology.

Recognize the distinctions between the lighting styles

Evaluate how the style affects the presentation of the story.

Identify lens types and describe how the lens and perceived camera proxemics can intensify given qualities within a shot.

Examine how depth (deep space composition and deep focus) are utilized.

Discuss camera  angles and their importance to audience expectations.

Explore camera movement including mechanically, or computer generated movement.

 

To demonstrate your learning, you completed the following activities and assessments: 

Complete the reading assignment from Chapter 6. 

Complete a short quiz.

View this week's film.

Participate in the Discussion and Responses.

Another Interesting Resource: Article from HDPro Guide - Here

My expanded notes from the presentation and text notes: 

 

Cinema 21 – lecture/Presentation Chapter 6

Cinema 21 Student Learning Outcomes

A)Define the basic vocabulary of film production and film theory

 

B) Analyze the aesthetics of filmmaking.

 

C)Evaluate how film style establishes the conventions of cinema.

 

D)Explore how film technique informs cultural development and social awareness.

 

 

how are you gonna do this ?

 

well we're going to

1)Begin to define lighting terminology and one thing I want to point out now is that lighting in our text appears in the sixth addition in chapter 5 in previous editions which I know many of you are using and it isn't chapter 6 but cinematography is such a broad large topic that they moved it to another broad large topic mise-en-scen so lighting will be in this presentation
2)we will Evaluate how the styles affects the presentation of the story.  
3)We well Identify lenses and lens types and describe how lenses and the perceived or implied camera approximates can intensify given qualities within a shot.
3) We will define and Examine how depth both deep space composition and deep focus are utilized 4)and we’ll Describe basic camera angles and what information the audience derives from each choice.

(now there are some video clips in this presentation which I am not going to try to playback because I'm not sure that they will playback well so I've included them in the module itself and you should go look at them)

5)the last thing we're going to look is to Define camera movement and other types of cinematic movement and what that when does movements student in relationship to the audience and how we understand something.

 

The Cinematographer, also known as the Director of Photography (DP)

So first what’s a really important job in filmmaking is a cinematographer also known as a DP or director of photography of this person is responsible for:
1)working with director to transform the scripts into images and
2)making very specific decisions about how the film is photographed

3)what lens is used, what lighting setups etc 
4)in other words this person translates vision of the director and the screen writer into actual images . 

 

Lighting

OK and one way does that is through the lighting so 
1)Lighting itself shapes the way the movie looks and helps tell the story
2)because Lighting sets the mood or tone if you think about horror films many horror films are shot at
    night or in very low key lighting partially to add suspense and to mask upcoming events. 
3)Lighting is a key component in composition to for instance Joseph von Sternberg really believed that you should fill the space with both the actors and the acting and the lighting that can up help accentuate the moments in the script that you're interested in.

  

Properties of Lighting
There are various properties of light we talked about where the light comes from
1)The Source we talked about
2)the Quality of light is it how much shadow is created ?
3)We also talk about that angle. Is it from above or from side? or how where is the lighting instrument in respect to the

 

Characters
4) and then we talk about the style also known as the key. 

 

LIGHTING: SOURCE AND QUALITY  (AND INTENSITY)

(1)Our book also talks about intensity when we talk about
   source and quality, intensity is an element of that.

 

2)and then color itself is the color used to mimic night or sunlight or is it used stylistically like John Wu to create an
   effect.)

 

SOURCES

Lighting source and the quality they are two big basic sources,
1)Natural (sunlight)- reflector boards, a device used to help control natural light
  The sun, natural light and artificial light natural light is in and of itself very hard it creates shadows so often you use
  reflector boards and other devices nets etcetera to control the light on the set on the exterior set and 
2)Artificial (instruments) – focusable spotlights and floodlights

   Artificial light is in many ways easier to use, many people and in Hollywood love to work in studios because you can
   create the set itself and how the set looks and you can create the lights. that you can focus like special areas and
   there is most frequently a light or very a light grid on the ceiling so it's already there you don't have to bring
   it with you.

(Speaking of natural light and hard light, there’s two basic qualities of light, hard light and soft light.
3)Hard Lighting (low-key lighting) – shining directly on the subject, creating crisp details

    hard light is direct light it most frequently create shadows and shine strictly on the subject
4)Soft Lighting (often high-key lighting) – diffused; light hits the subject from many directions.
    where soft light is either bounce off of lighting element like a white board foam core or it’s shown through a net, for

    instance, to make it more diffuse or some kind of diffusion as they call it so it what happens when lighting isn't direct

    is that various beams are split and the subject is hit from one source in many places many directions.

 

(we will continue without the second because )

 

QUALITY

Equates to how direct the light source is – Does it hit the subject without passing through or bouncing off another element?

Hard light – hard edge well defined shadows – direct.
 full sun MEN – MASCULINE

Soft light – more diffuse, less distinct shadows, deemphasizes texture, hides blemishes, wrinkles sunlight on a cloudy
  day. WOMEN.

Notes:

The quality of flight whether it’s hard or soft is important in regards to creating tone and then there are certain conventions for instance men are often lit with hard light and in greater shadow than women soft like one thing it does because it's diffuse, there aren't as many shadows and so it tends to hide skin textures and blemishes wrinkles etc 
And one thing that used to be very prominent in Hollywood in the studio system was not only was soft light was used from most women but also at times women were overexposed and the whole idea is to make them look innocent end and angelic.

 

Lighting
The lighting ratio, or key to fill ratio, measures the intensity of light between the key which fill lights which determines the Lighting Style or “Key”

Notes:

So, when you combine lights in the lighting setup what do you to what does it mean?
the first thing we have to think about is the idea of the lighting ratio. And we’ll look at a diagram of a couple of a lighting setup coming up. But what we need to think about is the ratio between the main light source, also known as the key, and the subsidiary light source the fil which is filling in the shadows that the key creates. (9:31)
We measure those two lights, the intensity of each light and the lighting ratio determines the style,  so the difference between the lit area and the shadow area the key light and the fill light is known as a lighting ratio and it determines the lighting style also known as the key or the key style.

 

Intensity

1)Measured via lightmeter in foot candles and denoted by the strength of the lamp. (metric = lux).
2) The intensity of a light falls off as you move away from the source – fairly quickly as you move further away.
3) Lights spreads quickly and because of this spread, a smaller amount of light hits the subject and thus the subject
     appears less bright.
Notes:

in measuring the slight fuse a light meter and in the US we talked about foot candles and in other words how strong is a light and light can be made less strong in several different ways this is just an aside you can move to light further away from the subject because light falls off the intensity of it falls off very quickly. or you can use diffusion of put something between the light source and the subject.

let's see light spreads quickly and because the spread the smaller amount of light hits a subject and thus subject appears less bright as you move the light further away

 

Lighting : Augments the illusion of 3-D space

 

 

A basic lighting set-up consists of three lights:

1)The Key: The primary source
2)The Fill: Illuminates the shadows created by the key.
3)The Backlight: Separates the characters from the background.

Notes:

OK so the basic lighting setup I've already touched upon, it's known as the three point lighting setup and the idea is to give the characters are the subject matter within what is really a 2D frame because there is no actual physical depth in a piece of film or, you know, in something they're watching on a monitor for instance but
 

We want to create the illusion of space
we want to create the illusion of depth
and a 3D World.

 

So we use light to do so.
The first thing we have is key light which is once again the primary light source so my question is always what is the key light if you are outside?
And then they have the fill light which as I mentioned previously is frequently used at most frequently used to fill in the shadows that the key creates because of the location of the key I will see that the diagram in just a minute.
There create shadows if you have a human figure and locate the key, hits the left side of your face, then there's going to be a shadow on the right side of your face.

And then the backlight is above and behind in the whole idea is that you get a rounded looking figure. That figure separated from the background.

 

I wanna say in an general lighting setup there's more than three lights, there's often lights like we saw, in the still that I posted from The Last Black Man in San Francisco there's often lights that are directed at the background to create shadows and geometric figures and each location in the frame often where a character is moving may have a different lamp depending on you know the space itself anyway.

So this is a diagram
1)of the key and the key here is on the right side of the camera and it's hitting the character and
  what happens is if there was no fill the right side of her face the left side of the camera there would be   
  shadows just by default
2)The fill light is here to fill those shadows often the fill is a little bit closer to the camera,  in this case it's 45 degrees that and that's something that cinematographer needs to decide, is are do we have the standard 45 45 is fill closer to the camera ? Is there any fill at all and then how strong is the fill? you know is it are that this is character evenly let ?or is the fill you know if the key is 1000 watts ?which is a lot ,is the fill 250 watts ?you know and what does that mean ?and
3)then the backlight is behind it above and basically often it’s used to highlight the hairline.

 

 

OK, so now here's another picture of a

Three-point lighting, the key is from a window
1) so we're we're talking about different color light too 'cause 
    skylight is blue just like the sky, sunlight is blue.
    So here we have a big window is the key, the subject
2)The fill is in this case is the second brightest and then
3) the backlight is above and to one side. and I mean it has to be above because you don't wanna be able to see it in the
     camera, right?

Lighting

The Back Light
1)Creates a semi-silhouette in an otherwise well lit scene, which can produce romantic halos or ethereal glows.
2)As a primary source can throw a figure or face into total shadow to create a mood of mystery or fear with the aid of
    spotlights in high-contrast setups.
Notes:

So one type of lighting that we haven't talked about is backlight itself, back light in general, acts as a third light and it creates a similar silhouette. That's a great way to put it in an otherwise lit scene so that you see a Halo glowing hair and thus separating the character from the background creating that 3D effect

But as a primary light source if the light source is behind the person the person ends up in shadow their faces and shadow and that can be really moody it can create a sense of suspense and taste anticipation or fear and it’s often used in this way.

 

Marlena Dietrich’s Lighting

 OK, Here’s Marlena Dietrich and Joseph von Sternberg with her purposely gave her two backlights so she's she's glowing, you know she definitely has a Halo of hair here, and he let the side fall a little bit more in shadow than the side although it's hard to tell because you got that boa, but we can this actually could be makeup but we can see her her chin that said that the lighting is coming from this side quite a bit. But anyway, she has a chin shadow.

 

Lighting
Color
1)A primary property of light.
2)Film stock is chosen to match the color temperature of the light source.
3)Filters may be used in front of the lens to cut out specific part of the color spectrum.

 

Notes:

Color, I think our text covers it in page 192 maybe, color light itself is not full spectrum of most light is not full spectrum used there is a color involved in light, so tungsten light, for instance, is more orange yellow and daylight is more blue.
Film stock actual Celluloid you used to use it to choose it to match the lighting setup. If you were indoors and you were using tungsten you would shoot tungsten balanced, if you’re outdoors, you shoot outdoor film, daylight balanced, in other words,
And if you were using ones film stock in the other location, filters would be involved,

So yes filters must be put in front of the year lens if you're shooting the wrong thing.

 

Now if we talk about video and DSLR's what we talk about is white balance and when you point your camera at a white surface it's telling the camera what lighting conditions, you're under and balancing for that, otherwise if you're on auto settings, you purposely set it for indoors or outdoors.

So light bulb or the sun icon

 

 

 

 

Lenses

Four frequently used lenses:
Three are FIXED FOCAL length lenses or PRIME lenses:
1)Normal or Standard
2)Telephoto or Long
3)Wide-angle or Short

-------------
The fourth is the VARIABLE FOCAL length lenses or ZOOM lens

Notes:

OK so now moving on talks about like let's talk about lenses a little bit lenses:
there's four that are basically used in professional photography one thing that happens frequently is you change the lens because there's something known as a
1)A Prime lens which is a fixed focal length lens it only does one thing
   * the only way to change the size of the character within the frame is to actually physically move closer or further
      away from the camera with the prime lens.
2)there's Three times types of prime lens for starting at the bottom here (of her chart)
3)The wide angle lens where you see, if you remember from last weeks PowerPoint and chapter, what we see is a long
    shot basically unless you move physically closer to the character, you see lots within the frame.
4)Telephoto lens is the opposite it's a close-up it's gives you the implied reception that you are physically close to the
    character and the truth is one reason you use a telephoto lenses because if you're going for an emotional moment
    and you're close to the character physically it might be difficult for them to act so you move further back and you use
     a telephoto lens.
5)Then a Normal Lens are standard lens as they call it it's still photography is a lens that is designed to mirror the
   human eye based on flat camera you're using, basically is it a 16 millimeter?, is a 35, DSLR? What is it ? You
   know, and is it a 75 millimeter etc 

6)The fourth type of lens is a variable focal length lens, it's a zoom lens.
So, in I know most people use their cell phones to shoot today, and so on some cell phones you actually now have the choice of multiple lenses, but the traditional standard consumer still camera, you have a zoom lens so you can either zoom in to what it is the telephoto element of the lens,

or zoom out to the wide angle element,
and it'll be marked like 18 to 100,
which means it's similar to an 18 millimeter wide angle lens on the one extreme and 100 telephoto lens millimeter telephoto in that telephoto position.

 

Lenses
Telephoto or Long Lenses
1)Can bring objects at a great distance into clear focus and close-up range
2)Allow for selective focusing within the frame
3)Slightly flatten images and visually decrease depth

Notes:

1 here's a description of the various lenses telephoto lenses or long lenses can bring objects further away to make them look close. That's what it close up is.
2)It allows one other thing that we frequently use it for is it allows selective focus so that you if you have a telephoto lens and what we saw in The Last Black Man in San Francisco is a number of the shots where the lead characters were in focus, but the whole background was not,
That outside especially was probably a telephoto lens wow or a zoom lens in the telephoto position.
3) If it it's slightly flattens subject, it decreases. What we see as a depth between characters or the depth within frame, and that means that because people look closer together, it can take longer for one person to get to the to the other. It's the illusion that there's less depth in the frame and there's one clip that our author made, that’s included in the module, but that is a demonstration of the various lens types.

 

 

 

 

 OK so here we can see these people are probably, I mean they appear to be like 3 feet apart from each other but there they are much more distance as they march. You don’t march close enough to actually step on the person in front of you but this is how close they look.

 

Lenses
Standard or Normal Lenses
1)Provide the least amount of distortion
2)Present the subject much as the human eye would see it.
*What larger style of filmmaking might favor this lens?

Notes:

OK, Standard or Normal Lens is often used, it provides least distortion either you know, much of the frame is in focus and it looks it's designed to mirror the human eye, and the question is, think about it?  
Given your previous chapters descriptions of film styles who do you think would be most likely to use a standard lens? A filmmaker working as a realist filmmaker, maybe Hollywood filmmaker and anti realist filmmaker, is there somebody that you think would favor that lens?

 

 OK so here's an example this is we can see the background is out of focus slightly, the band here the accordion player, slightly out of focus, because they're fairly far away but the characters in the foreground are all in focus, are definitely in focuses there and move it a little bit but they are in focus. And you know, it's as if we're standing behind him on one step above him, right?

 

Lenses
Wide-Angle or Short Lenses
1)Are used for deep-focus shots
2)Which may provide sharp focus on all visual planes
3)Slightly distorts image edges and increases apparent distance between subjects in the frame.  

Notes:

Ok, now this is a wide-angle lens, and what we can see is this character looks much further away from this character that he actually is. I mean, this is an office, right?
And it gives the perception of greater depth so one way to make people get there faster if they're running towards each other and the depth of the frame is to use a wide angle lens and it gives the perception that they’ve crossed a space faster than they actually have.
1)So, wide angle lens is often used for deep focus shots where the entire frame, all three visual planes: foreground midground and background are in equal focus.
2)Because of the optics it provides sharp focus on all of those planes.
3) Often and depending on how wide the lens is you may notice that that the sides of the frame fisheye lens- makes it look like you're in a fishbowl, right?
4)So it distorts the edges kind of rounds them and let see,
5)the distance between the subject (in the frame) increases the apparent distance, NOT the actual distance.

The Shots
Beyond the Basics:
Deep-Space Composition
1)Often is a long shot
2)Composition that can place significant information or subjects on all three visual planes
3)Creates an illusion of depth
4)All planes are not necessarily in focus

Notes:

OK so another concept that's really important is deep-space composition
In a long shot you can use a wide angle lens and have everything, depending on the lighting, in perfect focus, all three planes.
In deep-focus or with any other lens or any other composition or even in a long shot,
you can have as what’s known as deep space composition,
where you purposely decide, because of the content was important and make that area in focus, and yet the rest of the frame isn't in focus but sometimes you can use the rest of the frame that’s not in focus to do things like separate the characters from the rest of the room because there's a doorway and he could see the doorway but what's behind and then the characters is out of focus for instance.

 

 so let's see I think we have an example of this so this is an example of deep space focus that also works with the composition of the frame like that the women are not in focus here the people in the foreground are

and we can see that you know that the left side of the frame is divided by the right side of the frame and we have, the orchestra pit here, and it's interesting composition that we notice, and we assume that the next shot will probably be a closer shot where the women dancing are in focus but now what's important is the audience, right?

 

The Shots
Beyond the Basics
The Deep Focus Shot
1)Is usually a long shot
2)Consists of various focal planes, all in sharp focus
3)Taken by using a wide-angle lens
4)Allows the audience to take in multiple points of action within a single scene or frame

 

Ok, so as previously mentioned, deep focus is kind of works in contrast, and deep space composition or is deep space composition plus, really because every cinematographer every filmmaker is taking into account, all the elements in the frame, the difference being that in deep focus shot all visual planes, foreground, mid ground and background are an equal focus.

 ok,  so here's an example, that’s from Citizen Kane I haven't been telling you film titles, I'm sorry, and yeah it's difficult to tell in the shot, but everything is in focus here, I mean part of it's because it's a copy of a copy of a copy, and because the person in the foreground is in shadow, but we see we see clearly the picture on the wall behind the actress and the plant we see everything we see here you know the the door of the telephone is working as a frame to this character, and this side of the telephone booth I guess, is separating this character from everybody else, you know we have three we have three actual areas in the frame separated vertically. Not just horizontally right.

 

Zoom
Zoom or Variable Focal Length Lenses
1)Lens has a variable focal length
2)Lens does not move through space
3)Provides the illusion of the camera moving toward or away from the subject
4)The image is magnified or demagnified
5)Movement can appear artificial or self-conscious
Notes:

OK so a zoom lens is interesting because you can change obviously you zoom right you know from the far subjects to the closer subjects, you can focus pull as you're zooming, you know, and it provides the illusion of the cameras moving toward the subject without having to do so right? and you can magnify something if you zoom in on an element it gains importance because of the fact that you are zooming in on it in your drawing the the audiences attention to that element because the audience sees 
The camera is eyes are the eyes of the audience .

Camera Angles
I will skip this- it’s so obvious
Think of the camera’s “eye” as your own.
Camera angles are defined in respect to the position of the camera – your eye.

The basic camera angles are:
1)High angle (Bird’s Eye is the extreme)
2) Eye-level
3) Low angle
4)Oblique or Dutch angle (Also known as Tilt, Canted).

 

Notes

So the camera is your eye and not only does it matter when you're talking about lenses< but camera angles themselves so there's four basic types of camera angles 
 1)the high angle which the extreme of that is the bird's eye and some people separate Birds Eye out this is a separate
      kind of camera angle but it is a high angle but it's a very high 

2)eye level  

3)a low angle which chapter one talked about a lot and then  

4)the oblique angle or the spangled it frequently in critique we talk about oblique an production they off should use that angle this our text is kind of geared towards production you learn more about all the different characters editor etc and it uses such dutch angle first but it does talk about oblique tilting counted and one thing one reason that people tend to prefer oblique over Dutch is that Dutch is kind of a slur I mean if you think about Dutch ovens. Dutch angle is we will see in a minute what it is it... 

 

Here is a diagram I'm a different text that is trying us the various camera angles so first I is above scuse me it's an overhead but it's very much so so we're looking down at the character high angle also looks down a high angle if you think about a conversation between an adult and a child you would probably use the high angle from the adult karnati if your eyes are the eyes of the camera are the camera and you're the adult you're looking down at the child if you want to represent the child as important and not just a child you would use an eye level shot at that point the most frequently you shot between characters is eye level because the characters are equal to each other and we the audience are equal to the characters as well but then we have the low angle so low angle we know looks up at the character so it's all about the camera position in respect to the subject and if you're a child and the adult specialists threatening you know are you you're looking at adults show my child's point of view you're most likely looking up at the person.

 

The Angles
Bird’s Eye Angle (Aerial)
1)Taken from overhead
2)”Eye of God” shot tends to imply omniscience
3)Employs a crane or a helicopter, drone.
4)Can cause the subject to appear weak, vulnerable, insignificant, or even indistinguishable or abstract.

 

OK so first size off to the aerial shot it's considered some people call it the Eye of God you often today you would probably use a drone because it's cheaper helicopter crane which is a dolly on a vehicle are often used and it can make someone look insignificant or vulnerable or often if you're doing I've seen a lot of opening shots and when we get to the House of sand well seeing some shots that are aerial shots looking at a landscape looking at the desert at that point it becomes kind of abstract geometry,  really beautiful shots.

 

 

 not a very good friend ish of the shot but there's actually birds in it here's a bird and this is verse I shot because it's about film is about the birds attacking  this is from the bird point of view looking down at the burning city

 

The Angles
High Angle
1)Places the camera looking down on the subject
2)Gives the audience a sense of power or places them in the point-of-view of a powerful character.
3)Causes the subject to appear vulnerable, weak, or powerless.
4)May even convey a character’s own low sense of self.

Notes:

OK so high angles similar to Birds Eye shots are placed above but just not quite as high and the audience if you're from that ICS perspective think about also someone standing on stage the person on stage is looking down at the audience members said they are more powerful just because there on the stage there there at least more important person he might say and if you use a high angle to represent the lead character often it means a character is feeling anxiety or has low self itself a difficult moment in their life.
 I mean think about high angle looking at someone lying on the ground the person standing definitely has the power and the person lying on the ground is having trouble

 

 

OK so here's a picture other high angle and this is taken from a crane or a staircase or looking down at the subject.

 

 

 

 

The Angles
The Eye-Level Shot
1)Gives the audience the feeling of equality with or sympathy for the characters
2)Allows the audience to identify with characters, even those they typically would not.
3)Isn’t so much an angle, as just a straight on look at the subject.
Notes
Eye-Level shot like I said it creates and equality between the audience members and the characters you feel sympathy for the characters you feel like you're there the immediacy of the shot is amazing when it's it's eye level specially if the camera is moving too it allows the camera to identify with the characters and it's yeah exactly like this you don't really think of it as an angle because you're looking straight on so that's why it's called the eye level shot and thought that anything else.

 

So here to were (in this picture) at eye level where it says if we the audience are sitting on this side of the desk somewhere as two characters talk to each other and this is from Maltese Falcon I believe.

 

 

Camera Angle and Height – Low Angle

  

 

OK So what would you expect from a low angle? well hopefully from chapter one you know that a low angle looks up at the person and this is interesting because it's a low angle and it's also slightly oblique if we look at the lines that should be horizontal behind the character they’re not know, so the camera's a little bit tilted.

 

 

The Angles
The Low Angle
1)Positions the camera looking up at the subject
2)Places the audience in the point-of-view of a weak or submissive character
3)Causes the subject to appear powerful, in-control, dominant, or even frightening.
4)May convey a character’s high self esteem
5)Makes short leading men appear taller.

 Notes:

So low angle there's a camera angle that looks up it's often from a point of weakness or submissive character because someone's tower and go for you like the last shot it causes the subject to appear powerful or dominant or frightening that person can be a you know a very bombastic character with a lot of ego and 

low angles help if the lead man is short
For instance my mom used to watch Star Trek next generation forever and the captain Picard Patrick Stewart is a short guy and the guy who played out number one the first officer was taller so they did several things they they often used a low angled select slightly up at Picard but they also had the deck of the enterprise and captains chair was actually higher and if he's sitting at that chair and you know at the apex an and number one is standing lower down on the deck, it helps captain card look very authoritarian like the captain should.

 

 

The Angles
The Oblique Angle
1)The “Dutch Angle” tilt, or canted angles

2)The camera is not level with the horizon
3)May be used for a point-of view shot to suggest disorientation
4)Suggests impending violence
5)Captures a sense of psychological imbalance, tension, impending movement, transition or anxiety.
Notes

anyway so oblique angle or Dutch angle is slightly tilted he easiest way to create it is just have your tripod likes at different links right and then the background is purposely like the window sill that the horizontal lines and even the vertical lines aren't exactly horizontal and or vertical right and this is often used to create anxiety and so in in suspense suspenseful movies it creates tension and you may not even be psychologically recognizable like consciously recognizable I should say, but psychologically the imbalance you feel it, you know impending doom etc

 

 

 OK and so this from the Bride of Frankenstein and it’s an oblique angle and it's interesting to see her hair, you can tell it's oblique even though the background is out of focus right is thrown out of focus because her shoulders are at such a strange odd level and she's definitely looking up and something is going to happen next or probably see what she's looking at right.

 

Movement: The Moving Camera
Shots taken with a stationary camera
1)Provide a sense of stability and order in a scene.

 

Shots taken with a moving camera
1)Provide a sense of vitality
2)Immediacy
3)Flux
4)Disorder
Notes: 

 OK moving on camera movement itself shots taken from a stationary camera provides sense of stability even if the characters are connected to a pan, you know if the camera isn't physically moving. it's a different feeling than when the camera is handheld and moving with you, you know or on a dolly and moving with the characters,
Shots taken second from a moving character have a sense of immediacy and vitality especially if it's a Dolly shot or a handheld shot of some kind. and it can create a sense of flux or disorder because it can be somewhat chaotic if if the characters and the camera is moving then there is a chance of the characters are going to be out of frame slightly on occasion. 

 

Movement: The Moving Camera
1)Pans (horizontal) and Tilts (vertical)
2)Dolly Shots (may be tracking or truck shots)
3)Zoom shots
4)Crane and Aerial shots
5)Handheld and Steadicam shots
Notes:

Movement itself there's several different kinds, pans for turn horizontal moves like if you're shaking your head left to right,
Tilts so you're so pan is here shaking your head go Tilt is shaking your head yes
Dolly shots are on some kind of device,  a truck, a dolly itself that moves with the character
Zooms are I considered a type of movement, but it's through the lens, as we mentioned before,
Crane and aerial shots, crane shots are on a dolly with basically you know a chair on it so that the camera and the camera operator can be moved up and down
an aerial shot served from a helicopter or drone
Handheld and Steadicam shots  are the movement that’s the most intimate because you could be right there with your with your characters all of the time.

 

 Let's see now you should watch this.

 

Movement: The Moving Camera

Vertical Movement – The Tilt
Vertical movement of the camera tends to mean one of the following:
1)Aspiration
2)Joy
3)Power
4)Authority

*The meaning is derived from the context.
Notes:

This is a is it tilt upward that actually really shows what an authority figure out how powerful the the man on the horses, who you can't see in the beginning of this shot.
 It can also upward move it can be inspiring like from least that doves you know I create a sense of joy .

Pan Shot
1)The horizontal movement of a camera mounted on a stationary tripod.
2)Offers a larger, more panoramic view
3)Guides our attention to characters or actions that are important
4)Connects or follows people or objects
Notes:

Pans can connect people pants are want to get on the stationary tripod but they can create a sense of the larger world because you can look around if you've ever seen a shot where a character from the point of view of the character turns a 360 degree circle you see all of the surroundings.  A pan can be that or anything less than that right.
It tends to guide our attention to the characters or action important if it's following the characters or if it’s following emotion if, you know you're panning with the car that's speeding down the road it can connect people and/or objects.
 So you can from, you know, a character, A to character B and then back again as they and say  they talk that's one way that connect people.

 

OK and then movement, which you should you’ve probably seen, (La Haine) by now if you watched the film, but watch the clip, That's in the module Can be compound where the camera’s moving and the characters are moving as well. 

 

 

 

Zoom
1)Lens has a variable focal length
2)Lens does not move through space
3)Provides the illusion of the camera moving toward or away from the subject
4)The image is magnified or demagnified
5)Movement can appear artificial or self-conscious

Notes:

Ok.so talking about movement and the lens and the zoom, once again, the lens itself does not move, it mimics the appearance of movement. It provides the illusion that the cameras moving  towards a subject and it in doing so it magnifies or demagnifies so if it's moving in or out and the movement can appear artificial or self-conscious, especially in the 70s there was a time where they did really really quick zooms, especially with throbbing music, and, you know the cells are very self-conscious and they seem unprovoked sometimes.

 

 

Dolly / Tracking Shot
1)Shot taken by a camera fixed to a wheeled support (the dolly)
2)Dolly-in – subject grows larger in the frame, gaining significance
3)Dolly-out – moving away from subject; often used for slow disclosure
4)Tracking – a type of dolly shot that moves the camera along with the action (alongside, over, behind, etc.)

Notes:

The Dolly is on a device it's wheeled the easiest Dolly shops are skateboarded dolly shots or wheelchair dolly shots.
You have to watch about the surface of your dolly, but a dolly-in makes the the subject appear larger because you're actually moving towards the subjects of dolly. That’s exactly the opposite you can often, what happens, is you’ll dolly backwards and entirely backwards and in dollying backwards se do not know what's behind the camera right So if we’re dollying out we did not know what's behind the camera and you can you can disclose or create a surprise to see what it is as the whole camera moves, you know, several feet. 10 feet, 20 feet, back a tracking shot as the camera moves with the action alongside, over, behind, you know, so you can have tracking shots from a drone above, you know let's see.
Movement: Character Movement
Downward Movement
Movement toward the bottom of the frame
1)Reads as a sign of weakness – think falling
2)May be threatening
Notes:
 so within the shot, movement is really important as well. Movement downward tends to read as weakness. If you think about something falling, you know, they gotta hit the ground. It's going to hurt or something that is being hit or something's falling out of the sky that's got to hit you, it can be threatening.

 

 So now you should watch this is Bambi versus Godzilla

 

Special effects (SPFX / FX)
1)In-camera effects – created in the production camera, on the regular negative.
2)Mechanical effects – objects or events created mechanically on the set and in front of the camera
3)Laboratory effects – created on a fresh piece of film stock.

Notes:

In filmmaking special effects are important especially in the world of well, they’ve always been important, Anyway There's several different kinds. There are in-camera effects. So you can do double exposures.
You can in regards to movement and camera movement you can you can create in-camera phase, you know, from one place to the other, you can create fast, slow, or yeah, fast or slow motion very easily.
2)mechanical effects can be created on the set in front of the camera so you can have effects that are either based on a model OR, for instance, they used to use a lot of mirrors and in filmmaking or rear screen projection etc 
3)and then you can have effects that are created strictly in the lab, or at this point, CG computer right so a lot of superimposition today is done and and change of speed is done via the computer, like if your shot needs to be a second longer and there’s no dialogue, no sync dialogue, you can easily just stretch it in the computer.

 

 

Movement:
Mechanical Distortions of Movement
1)Fast motion – intensifies the natural speed of a scene. Events are recorded at a slower rate (i.e. 12fps) and projected at the standard twenty-four fps.
2)Slow Motion – photographing events at a faster rate than twenty-four fps and projecting the filmstrip at the standard speed.
3)Reverse Motion – Reversing the film = reversing movement, frequently creating a comic effect.
4)Freeze frame – suspends ALL movement within the frame, as IF the action just stops.
Notes:

 OK so movement and distortion and film speed as well mechanical distortion, there’s, fast movement, slow movement, reverse movement then freeze frame.
Notes:
1) freeze frame will start out with  
freeze frame is when a single frame and takes up multiple seconds of time so you see the exact same non moving image. It’s frozen for a period of time. 

 2)Reverse movement is just that  

so someone, this is often done in the lab or easily now on the computer where someone runs backwards for instance.  

3)slow movement is interesting because in order to get slow movement, if you have a camera, what we would do in the modern world is take our video camera and shoot sixty frames a second and then play it back at normal. And

 Because you’ve shot more frames and then you play it back at 24 frames. So, let’s say you’re shooting 48 frames and you play it back at 24, the motion now appears slower.  

4)Conversely, fast motion is when you have fewer frames, so you’re doing 12 frames a second and then you play it back at 24 frames a second.  

And it looks, you know, so 24 frames were uh, actually 2 seconds of footage originally and now it’s only 1. So it’s going to look faster.

  

And, uh, you can play with that if you have um, adobe premiere, it’s fun.  

 

 

Ok, so this. Shot from the film Metropolis which was really interesting film because they used all kinds of special effects and it was made in 1929. So they have a model here this is a model and this airplane is actually model but there's actual people walking on a catwalk that is using mirrors is projected. you know is has become part of the frame and then often they also have rear screen projection, so this is probably painted backgrounds. so they did a number of things that film that were pretty amazing and multiple exposures. so that's probably how the people are walking you first you do the exposure of the model and then you do the exposure of people walking across the railing having wound the film back in the camera etc etc

 

 

 

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)
1)First used in early 1970s
2)Process shot – combines action in front of a rear-projection screen of images.
3)Allows movies to be set in wholly imagined places.
Notes:   

So, computer generated imagery or CCI was first used in the early 70s and was often rear screen projection with action in front of it. 

Today just watch the making of anything the making of The Hobbit is a great example of CGI like the intense CGI where people are acting and everything's blue screened and then the sets put in, you know other actors or put in, etc etc 

 

Movement:
Mechanical Distortions of Movement
____Is achieved by

 So, this is an example of a test question
 if blank is achieved by recording an event at a faster frame rate (48 fps frames per second) than the is playing the standard 24 fps - frames per second, and then projecting it or (playing it back) at the standard frame rate 24 fps - frames per second.

 

Which is it?
a)Fast motion,
b)A freeze frame
c) kinetic motion
d) reverse motion or
e) slow motion

and that was an hour worth of lecture and I hope you're still with it thank you 

YouTube link: https://youtu.be/gnBas0WgymI